Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation 2012. 1(1):97-107.
Article first published online: 10 SEN 2012 | DOI: 10.17581/bp.2012.01105
Circumboreal Gradients in Plant Species and Functional Types
Andrew N. Gillison
Center for Biodiversity Management, P.O. Box 120, Yungaburra, Queensland, 4884 Australia
Questions: 1) Do patterns of richness and composition of vascular plant species and plant functional types (PFTs) vary consistently along environmental gradients in high northern latitudes? 2) What factors influence their distribution? 3) Are there implications for mapping and managing vegetation?
Location: Circumglobal 40º to 70ºN.
Methods: A standard sampling protocol was used to record vegetation in 111 (40×5 m) transects focusing on the circumboreal zone but within a broader environmental context including Arctic Fjaeldmark and tundra, upland continental and maritime meadows, coastal dunes, desert steppe, boreal shrubland and notthern temperate broadleaf- conifer forest. Variables included vascular plant species and PFTs (functional modi), vegetation structure, plant functional complexity (PFC) Shannon and Simpson’s (functional) diversity indices and site physical features including key climate elements. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and standard regression analysis were used to explore regional vegetation gradients.
Results: Highest counts of species, PFTs, PFC, and functional diversity indices were recorded in the Russian Far East. Most intensive clustering was revealed through MDS of species composition whereas analyses of species-weighted PFTs revealed broader overlapping gradients linking Fennoscandia and western Europe with north America. Central Mongolian sites were clearly separate from those in the Russian Far East that overlapped with central Europe and the high Caucasus. PFT-based data showed more significant linkages with vegetation structure and climate variables than species or individual traits.
Conclusions: Species and PFT-based data provide complementary support for the existence of identifiable vegetation gradients within the circumboreal zone. Apart from floristic evolutionary factors, vegetation response to disturbance and substrate appears to be secondary to climate as the primary environmental determinant. Unified systematic sampling and readily transferable technology are needed to better understand the complex factors influencing vegetation patterns in these high latitudes.
Гиллисон Э.Н. Циркумбореальные градиенты видов растений и функциональных типов. Вопросы: 1) Закономерны ли изменения спектров видового состава и функциональных типов сосудистых растений вдоль экологических градиентов в высоких северных широтах? 2) Какие факторы влияют на их распределение? 3) Возможно ли применение данных закономерностей для отображения растительного покрова? Географическая привязка: В пределах широт от 40º до 70º N. Методы: стандартные геоботанические описания растительности на 111 (40×5 м) трансектах в циркумбореальной зоне. В качестве переменных использованы виды сосудистых растений и функциональные типы растений (ФТР), структура растительности, индексы сложности структуры растительного покрова, индексы разнообразия Шеннона и Симпсона, физические характеристики местообитаний, включая ключевые параметры климата. Многомерное шкалирование (MDS) и стандартный регрессионный анализ были использованы для изучения региональных градиентов растительности. Результаты: Наибольшие показатели видового богатства, ФТР и разнообразия функциональных параметров было отмечено на российском Дальнем Востоке. Кластеризация по видовому богатству получена по методу многомерного шкалирования. Анализ спектров ФТР показал сильные связи Фенноскандии и Западной Европы с Северной Америкой. Районы Центральной Монголии отличаются от российского Дальнего Востока, спектр ФТР которого оказался сходным с таковым центральной Европы и высокогорного Кавказа. ФТР проявляют более тесные связи со структурой растительности и климатическими переменными, чем видой состав и видовое богатство. Выводы: Виды и ФТР представляют дополнительный инструмент для идентификации градиентов растительности в циркумбореальный зоне. Помимо флористических и эволюционных факторов, климат является основным детерминантом распределения растительного покрова, а реакция растительности на субстрат или экзогенные факторы выходит на второй план. Методика систематического отбора проб и несложная техника сбора данных позволяет лучше понять факторы, оказывающие влияние на закономерности распределения растительности в высоких широтах. (Переведено редколлегией).
Keywords: circumboreal gradients, plant functional types, uniform sampling protocol, циркумбореальные градиенты, функциональный тип растений, универсальный протокол сбора данных
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