Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation 2025. Preprint
Article first published online: 24 FEB 2026 | DOI: 10.17581/bp.2026.15108
A homogeneous green belt: zonal vegetation of East Asia in the Eocene
Olesia V. Bondarenko 1
&
Torsten Utescher 2,3 1 Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
2 Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt am Main; Senckenberg Research Station of Quaternary Palaeontology, Weimar, Germany
3 Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Based on a comprehensive analysis of 240 micro- and macrofloras, the reconstruction of zonal vegetation across the paleocontinent Asia for the early, middle, and late Eocene has been performed, refining the model of a homogeneous "green belt." This belt was dominated by Mixed Mesophytic Forests (MMF), a unique biome without modern analogues, characterized by a balanced composition of broad-leaved deciduous (44.3–77.6 %) and evergreen (14.9–29.9 %) taxa. This biome extended into high Arctic latitudes (>75°N), indicating an exceptionally weak meridional temperature gradient during the early Paleogene. Clear latitudinal differentiation was observed: the proportion of evergreen elements increased southward, forming an MMF / Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest (BLEF) ecotone and pure BLEF south of ~50°N. In central continental regions, a low content of sclerophytic components was noted, suggesting that lithological data on aridity reflect a mosaic of seasonally dry forests and open patches rather than a continuous zonal desert. From the early to late Eocene, a significant trend towards ecological differentiation and provincialization emerged, marked by the appearance of sub-humid sclerophytic forests and open woodlands, correlating with cooling following the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum and increased seasonality. Systematic discrepancies between micro- and macroflora-based reconstructions were identified, attributed to taphonomic and ecological filters, highlighting the complementary nature of these proxies.
Бондаренко О.В., Утешер Т. Бондаренко О.В., Утешер Т. Зональная растительность палеоконтинента Азия в эоцене. На основе комплексного анализа 240 микро- и макрофлор выполнена реконструкция зональной растительности палеоконтинента Азия для раннего, среднего и позднего эоцена и уточнена модель гомогенного «зелёного пояса», в котором доминировали смешанные мезофитные леса (MMF), представлявшие уникальный, не имеющий современных аналогов биом, для которого характерен сбалансированный состав широколиственных листопадных (44,3–77,6%) и вечнозелёных (14,9–29,9 %) таксонов. Этот биом простирался до высоких арктических широт (>75° с.ш.), что указывает на исключительно слабый меридиональный температурный градиент в раннем палеогене. Наблюдалась чёткая широтная дифференциация: доля вечнозелёных элементов увеличивалась к югу, формируя экотон MMF / широколиственных вечнозелёных лесов (BLEF) и чистые BLEF к югу от ~50° с.ш. В центральных континентальных регионах отмечено низкое содержание склерофитных компонентов, что позволяет предполагать, что литологические данные об аридности отражают мозаику сезонно-сухих лесов и открытых участков, а не сплошную зональную пустыню. С раннего по поздний эоцен наметилась значительная тенденция к экологической дифференциации и провинциализации, выраженная в появлении субгумидных склерофитных лесов и открытых редколесий, что коррелирует с похолоданием после раннеэоценового климатического оптимума и усилением сезонности. Выявлены систематические расхождения между реконструкциями на основе микро- и макрофлор, объясняемые тафономическими и экологическими фильтрами, что подчёркивает комплементарный характер этих прокси.
Keywords: Eocene, palaeovegetation, Asia, biome reconstruction, Integrated Plant Record, mixed mesophytic forest, climate gradient, aridization, Эоцен, палеорастительность, Азия, реконструкция биомов, комплексный анализ растительного покрова, смешанный мезофитный лес, климатический градиент, аридизация
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